Towards Gender Harmony: a 62-country mega-study

ARU's Dr Magdalena Zawisza has been one of the nine lead researchers of the 229-researcher Towards Gender Harmony 62-country research consortium. The project investigated gender beliefs among over 33,000 undergraduates, and was the largest mega-study of its kind, now published in Nature.

Magdalena is a lead author of a paper titled 'Worse for Women, Bad for All: A 62-Nation Study Confirms and Extends Ambivalent Sexism Principles to Reveal Greater Social Dysfunction in Sexist Nations', which was published in Social Psychological and Personality Science.

Did you know?

  • In absolute terms sexism today is only 0.47 points lower (on a scale from 0-5) than in 2000.
  • Sexism has two faces and both are ugly: hostile – open negativity that punishes women seen as breaking the gender expectations (e.g. particularly those in power) – and benevolent – seemingly positive but patronising promise of idealisation, protection and affection rewarding women that conform with gender expectations.
  • Both forms of sexism correlate positively and significantly across 62 countries across five continents, and predict lower gender equality and higher social ills such as greater conflict, lower economic productivity and poorer health in both women and men.

The Towards Gender Harmony data was collected between January 2018 and February 2020, from mostly undergraduate students, usually online. The dataset comprises 33,313 observations and 286 variables, including measures of gendered self-views, gender attitudes, stereotypes, and relevant demographic information. It is the largest study of its kind.

Zawisza, M., Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Glick, P., Olech, M., Besta, T., Jurek, P., Sobiecki, J., Best, D. L., Bosson, J. K., Vandello, J. A., Safdar, S., Włodarczyk, A. and Żadkowska, M. (2025) 'Worse for Women, Bad for All: A 62-Nation Study Confirms and Extends Ambivalent Sexism Principles to Reveal Greater Social Dysfunction in Sexist Nations', Social Psychological and Personality Science, 16(8). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506241302882

Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Besta, T., Jurek, P., Olech, M., Sobiecki, J., Bosson, J., Vandello, J. A., Best, D., Zawisza, M., Safdar, S., Włodarczyk, A. and Żadkowska, M. (2024) 'Towards gender harmony dataset: gender beliefs and gender stereotypes in 62 countries', Scientific Data, 11(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03235-x

Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Bosson, J. K., Jurek, P., Besta, T., Olech, M., Vandello, J. A., Bender, M., Dandy, J., Hoorens, V., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Mankowski, E., Venäläinen, S., Abuhamdeh, S., Agyemang, C. B., Akbaş, G., Albayrak-Aydemir, N., Ammirati, S., Anderson, J., Anjum, G., … Zawisza, M., Żadkowska, M. (2022) 'Gendered Self-Views Across 62 Countries: A Test of Competing Models', Social Psychological and Personality Science, 14(7), pp. 808-824. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506221129687

Bosson, J. K., Jurek, P., Vandello, J. A., Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Olech, M., Besta, T., Bender, M., Hoorens, V., Becker, M., Timur Sevincer, A., Best, D. L., Safdar, S., Włodarczyk, A., Zawisza, M., Żadkowska, M., Abuhamdeh, S., Badu Agyemang, C., Akbaş, G., Albayrak-Aydemir, N., … Žukauskienė, R. (2021) 'Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 52(3), pp. 231–258. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506221129687

Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Besta, T., Bosson, J. K., Jurek, P., Vandello, J. A., Best, D. L., Włodarczyk, A., Safdar, S., Zawisza, M., Żadkowska, M., Sobiecki, J. , ... Zukauskiene, R. (2020) 'Country-level and Individual-level predictors of men's support for gender equality in 42 countries', European Journal of Social Psychology Special Issue: Solidarity in the Spotlight, 50(6), pp. 1276-1291. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2696