Emanuele Giovanetti's areas of expertise include digital inclusion, economics of networks, crowdfunding, innovation and technology adoption, information and communication technology.
Emanuele is a REF 2021 author for the impact case study on “Influencing Innovation Policy and Practice in the Digital Telecommunications Sector”. His work focuses on the Economics of Internet, of Innovation Ecosystems and Crowdfunding. He is currently Vice Rapporteur for a Study Group of the International Telecommunication Union, the United Agency specialised on information and communication technologies.
[email protected]
Background
Emanuele (PhD, MPhil Cantab, Trinity College) is Professor of Economics at ARU, Governing Body Fellow at Hughes Hall, University of Cambridge, and Vice-Rapporteur for the Study Group 1 of the International Telecommunications Union, Development Bureau.
His research focuses on market power on the internet, mobile internet access, ICT platforms, digital divide, crowdfunding, diffusion of mobile social networking and adoption of new technologies. He has advised governments, competition authorities and businesses in Europe, Africa and Asia on Internet access and competition economics, and has led multidisciplinary and multinational projects focusing on network competition, internet infrastructure and mobile access in developing countries.
He has published on leading academic journals including International Economic Review, Economic Journal, Environment and Planning A, International Journal of Industrial Organization, International Journal of Production Economics, Journal of Industrial Economics, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, International Journal of Forecasting, Review of Network Economics, Information Economics and Policy, Spatial Economic Analysis, Journal of Economic Surveys. He co-edited The Internet Revolution: A Global Perspective, published by Cambridge University Press.
Spoken Languages
Research interests
- Diffusion of ICT
- Digital divide
- Internet market structure
- Economics of networks
- Regional asymmetries
- Economic geography
- R&D and spillovers
- Competition over physical networks
- Competition over virtual networks
- Spillovers and externalities in innovation activities
- Social capital and trust in crowdfunding
Emanuele is currently working on different but interrelated areas in the economics of networks. His current research explores original datasets on mobile internet connectivity in developing countries, using them to explore empirically the presence of market power. Emanuele is also researching on the drivers of diffusion for mobile social networking and on the role of network externalities. This links to Emanuele’s research on technology adoptions and on regional asymmetries, due to uneven adoptions. Emanuele also focuses on competition policy, in particular on network industries and on vertical restraints. Emanuele is also researching the use of Social Network Theory to capture complex strategic interaction.
Areas of research supervision
- Technological forecasting
- Economics of networks
- R&D spillovers and innovation
- Social network analysis
- Digital divide and access to the internet
- Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Development
- Network competition, focusing on infrastructure sharing
- Information and Communication Technologies for Innovation Ecosystems
- Crowdfunding and Developing countries
Teaching
In the last two decades, Emanuele has been teaching at the University of Cambridge, University of Rome, University of Cape Town, University of La Tuscia, University of Verona and at ARU. His main areas of teaching have been industrial organization, microeconomics, applied econometrics and Applied Game Theory.
At ARU, he currently teaches two modules on Introductory Econometrics and Applied Econometrics, Level 5, and in the seminars, he focuses on how to use Stata for applied econometrics projects.
Qualifications
- PhD in Economics, Trinity College, University of Cambridge, 1997, Dissertation: Technology Adoption and Regional Asymmetries
- Research Doctorate in Economics, University of Rome, La Sapienza, 1994. Dissertation: Local Interaction, Growth and Structure of an Economy
- MPhil in Economics, Trinity College University of Cambridge, 1991
- Laurea, 110/110 cum laude, in Statistics and Economics, University of Rome, La Sapienza, 1990
Other Professional Qualifications:
- Italian National Scientific Qualifications as Full Professor in Economics (January 2014)
- Italian National Scientific Qualifications as Full Professor in Applied Economics and Economic Policy (December 2013)
- Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (Since September 2011)
Memberships, editorial boards
- Vice Rapporteur for the International Telecommunication Union, Development Sector Member of The Telecommunication Development Advisory Group (TDAG), of the International Telecommunication Union
- Member of the Secure Access Community of Trusted Researchers, UK Data Services
- Royal Economic Society
- International Telecommunications Society
- International Institute of Forecasters
- Life member, Trinity College, University of Cambridge
- Member of the Regent House
- Governing Body Fellow, Hughes Hall, University of Cambridge
- Member of the Expert Group on Telecom/ICT Indicators Forum, International Telecommunication Union
Research grants, consultancy, knowledge exchange
- August 2019 - July 2023: Principal investigator for the EU Interreg project Integrating RENewable energy and Ecosystem Services in environmental and energy policies” (IRENES). Total budget €1,781,783.00.
- January 2019 - January 2022: Principal investigator for the EU Interreg North Sea Region, European Regional Development Fund Project “Future by Design”. WP 5 600.000 euros (total project 4.361.282 euros).
- October 2017: Principal investigator for the European Regional Development Fund Project “Assessing the impact of GCGP’s investments”. Report successfully completed and Presented to the Best Practice Network final Meeting.
- August 2017: Principal investigator for the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, Proposal 780388, “Removing Internet Bottlenecks for Leveraging of Africa's Vital Internetworking” (Euro 2 million). The proposal received a very high evaluation, and it is on the funding reserve list with the European Commission.
- July 2017: Academic lead for the European Regional Development Plan’s project, part of the Innovation Bridge Innovation Action Plan, of the European Union for the startup “mySircles”, on its crowdfunding plans.
- May 2016: Lead consultant for the East of England Co-op on “Assessing drivers, barriers and incentives affecting local food purchasing behaviour. Empirical evidence from the UK regions”.
- March 2014 - January 2016: Co-principal investigator for the project “The interaction of ICT networks structure and downstream trade flows: two case studies from India”, with the Canter for Development Studies University of Cambridge and the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. Project funded by the UK and India Research and Education Initiative (UKIERI) (£39,000).
- August 2013 - May 2014: Principal investigator for the project “Investigating external and private benefits from investments in skills & training: UK innovators study”. Successful completion, project funded by the UK Department for Business Innovations and Skills (£63,000).
- May 2012: PhD scholarship supervisor (£45,000 plus paid fees). Three years of full PhD funding awarded by the Institute for International Management Practice for a thesis titled “Technology innovation and trading in rural areas: the role of local connectivity exchanges”. Supervisors Dr. Emanuele Giovannetti and Dr. Shailaja Fennell (University of Cambridge).
- PhD preliminary research supervision (£2000). Research taster projects to prepare a PhD proposal on “Technology innovation and trading in rural areas: the role of local connectivity exchanges”. Supervisors Dr. Emanuele Giovannetti and Dr. Shailaja Fennell (University of Cambridge).
- February 2009: Economic Research Southern Africa (ZAR: 60,000 (circa £5000). Research grant for the publication of the paper “Asymmetry and discrimination in internet peering: evidence from the LINX” in the International Journal of Industrial Organization.
- April 2003 - March 2006: Project lead & research coordinator (euros: 660,000). EU FP6- IST, Specific Support Action “Competition contents and broadband for the Internet in Europe”. EU project contribution.
- April 2003 - March 2005: Project writer and research associate (£25,000) Isaac Newton Trust Award for the project “Price comparison sites and competition: the Internet Connectivity market”. The award from The Isaac Newton Trust was granted as co-funding with the project “Competition, Contents and Broadband for the Internet in Europe” (CoCombine), an EU 6th Framework Programme.
- April 2000-March 2003: Research associate (£316,587.54), ESRC Project on “Efficient and Sustainable Regulation and Competition in Network Industries”. Grant holder Professor David Newbery.
- January 1999 - March 2000: Post-doctoral fellow, one year fully paid Alcatel Bell post-doctoral fellowship at the Centre For Communication Systems Research, University of Cambridge on the project “A Business Model for the Internet”.
- October 1995-September 1996: Winner of the Royal Economic Society Junior Fellowship (£ 6,500), at the Department of Applied Economics, University of Cambridge.
- 1995: Victor Rothschild Fund Scholarship to attend the Sixth Jerusalem Summer School in Economic Theory.
- October 1994 - September 1995: British Council Fellow (£3,500), British Council Fellowship towards Completion of the PhD.
- October 1992 - September 1994: Luciano Iona PhD Scholar (£36,000 circa including University Fees). Two years fully funded for fees and subsistence, awarded by the San Paolo, foundation to work towards PhD at the University of Cambridge.
- October 1990 - August 1991: ((Italian Lira) 22.000.000, c. £10,000). C. N. R. (Italian National Research Council) Scholarship. One year fully funded postgraduate research grant, to work at the University of Cambridge.
Consultancy and Knowledge Exchange
- Economic Advisor, Chief Economist’s Office, Office of Fair Trading, London, United Kingdom, 2008-2011.
- Chief Economic Witness for the South African Competition Commission for the Telkom-BCX merger, 2006.
- Africa Development Network consulting for a submission to the South African Competition Commission on Competition in Banking Interchange fees, 2006.
- Word Bank on the project “Analytical Study of Trade Liberalization in the Telecommunications Sector”, 2003.
- Japanese External Trade Organization, Institute of Developing Economies. UK Team Leader for the research projects on “A New Trend in the international Division of Labour The Influence and Issue of Information Technology for Developing Countries”, and “Information Technology (IT). From Hierarchical to Network Globalization". 2000-2003.
- International Telecommunications Union, (ITU): Research on the effects of peering for the ITU Study Group 3 on International Internet Connectivity (Recommendation D.50), 2003.
- Member of the Expert Group for The United Kingdom Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit, contributing to the Report on “Electronic Networks Challenges for the Next Decade”. 2002.
- CONSIP, Italian Public Procurement Agency, procurement on data warehouses for the public administration.
Selected recent publications
Journal Articles and Published Research Papers
- Davies, W. E., and Giovannetti, E. 2022. Latent network capital and gender in crowdfunding: evidence from the Kiva platform. Technological Forecasting and Social Change; volume 182, September 2022
- Giovannetti, E. and Hamoudia, M. 2022. The interaction between direct and indirect network externalities in the early diffusion of mobile social networking, Eurasian Business Review, March 2022
- Giovannetti, E., Siciliani, P., 2020. The Impact of Data Portability on Platform Competition. Antitrust Chronicle, 2(2).
- Siciliani, P., Giovannetti, E., 2019. Platform competition and incumbency advantage under heterogeneous switching cost - exploring the impact of data portability. Bank of England Research Papers 839, Bank of England.
- Davies, W. E., Giovannetti, E., 2018. Signalling experience & reciprocity to temper asymmetric information in crowdfunding evidence from 10,000 projects. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 133, pp. 118-131.
- Derbyshire, J., Giovannetti, E., 2017. Understanding the failure to understand New Product Development failure: Mitigating the uncertainty associated with innovating new products by combining scenario planning and forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 125, pp. 334-344.
- Giovannetti, E., Piga, C., 2017. The Contrasting Effects of Active and Passive Cooperation on Innovation and Productivity: Evidence from British Local Innovation Networks. International Journal of Production Economics, 187, pp. 102–112.
- D'Ignazio, A., Giovannetti, E., 2015. Predicting Internet Commercial Connectivity Wars: the Impact of Trust and Operators' Asymmetry. International Journal of Forecasting, 31(4), pp. 1127–1137.
- Scaglione, M., Giovannetti, E., Hamoudia, M., 2015. The Diffusion of Mobile Social Networking: Exploring Adoption Externalities in Four G7 Countries. International Journal of Forecasting, 31(4), pp. 1159–1170.
- Giovannetti, E., Sigloch S., 2015. An “Internet Periphery Study: Network Centrality and Clustering for Mobile Access in Bhutan. Telecommunications Policy, 39(7), pp. 608–622.
- D'Ignazio, A., Giovannetti E., 2014. Continental Differences in the Clusters of Integration: Empirical Evidence from the Digital Commodities Global Supply Chain Networks. International Journal of Production Economics, 147-B, pp. 486–497.
- Giovannetti, E. Magazzini, L. 2013. Resale Price Maintenance: An Empirical Analysis of UK Firms’ Compliance”. The Economic Journal, 123(572), pp. F582–F595.
- Giovannetti, E., 2013. Catching Up, Leapfrogging or Forging ahead? Exploring the Effects of Integration and History on Spatial Technological Adoptions. Environment and Planning A. 45(4), pp. 930-946.
- Bennett, M., Fletcher, A., Giovannetti, E., Stallibrass, D., 2010. Resale Price Maintenance: explaining the controversy, and small steps towards a more nuanced policy. Fordham International Law Journal, 33(4), pp.1278-1299.
- Giovannetti E., Stallibrass, D., 2009. Three cases in search of a theory: Resale Price Maintenance in the UK. European Competition Journal, 5(3), pp. 641-654.
- D'Ignazio A., Giovannetti, E., 2009. Asymmetry and Discrimination in Internet Peering Evidence from the LINX. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 27, pp. 441- 448.
- Giovannetti, E., 2008. Peering and Roaming on the Internet: Editorial. Telecommunications Policy, 32(1), pp. 1-3.
- D’Ignazio, A., Giovannetti, E., 2007. Spatial Dispersion of Peering Clusters in the European Internet. Spatial Economic Analysis, 2(3), pp. 219-236.
- Giovannetti, E., Neuhoff, K., Spagnolo, G., 2007. Trust and Virtual Districts Evidence from the Milan Internet Exchange. Metroeconomica: International Review of Economics 58(3), pp. 436-456.
- D’Ignazio, A., Giovannetti, E., 2006. From Exogenous to Endogenous Economic Networks: Internet Application. Journal of Economic Surveys, 20(5), pp. 757-796.
- D’Ignazio, A., Giovannetti, E., 2006. Antitrust Analysis for the Internet Upstream Market: A Border Gateway Protocol Approach. Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 2(1), pp. 43-69.
- Giovannetti, E., 2005. Diagonal Mergers and Foreclosure in the Internet. Review of Network Economics, 4(1), pp. 33-62.
- Giovannetti, E., Ristuccia, C., 2005. Estimating Market Power in the Internet backbone, using the I.P. transit Band-X database. Telecommunications Policy, 29, pp. 269-284.
- D’Ignazio, A., Giovannetti, E., 2004. Reti-Networks. Rivista di PolitcaEconomica, 94(3), pp. 259-330.
- D’Ignazio, A., Giovannetti, E., 2004. Reti-Networks: Replica. Rivista di PolitcaEconomica, 94(3), pp. 341-343.
- Giovannetti, E., 2002. Interconnection, differentiation and bottlenecks in the Internet. Information Economics and Policy, 14(3), pp. 385-404.
- Giovannetti, E., 2001. Perpetual Leapfrogging in Bertrand Duopoly. International Economic Review, 42(3), pp. 671-696.
- Giovannetti, E., 2000. Technology Adoption and the Emergence of Regional Asymmetries. Journal of Industrial Economics, 48(1), pp. 71-102.
- Agliardi, E., Giovannetti, E., 1998. Morphogenesis of an Institution on a Lattice Game. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2, pp. 209-213.
- Giovannetti, E., 1993. Learning, Bounded Rationality and Evolutionary Modelling in Games. Economic Notes, 22(1), pp. 49-79.
Books edited
- Tsuji, M., Giovanetti, E., Kagami, M., 2007, Industrial Agglomeration and New Technologies: a Global Perspective (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing). A review of the book by LSE Professor S. Iammarino published on the 4 ABS journal Economic Geography says “This is a valuable book. The individual chapters contain original case-study evidence and analytical insights. . . it is one that should be consulted by any scholar working in the area of industrial agglomerations and new technology.
- Kagami, M., Tsuji, M., Giovanetti, E.,, 2004, Information Technology Policy and the Digital Divide: Lessons for Developing Countries (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing).
- Giovenatti, E., Kagami, M., Tsuji, M., 2003, The Internet Revolution: A Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) (Republished in paperback by CUP in 2007). Trends in Communications reviewed the book, writing: “this is a book to be recommended to anyone interested in a thorough description of the state of the IT revolution in the fields of business, economics, and policy.”
Book chapters
- Giovannetti, E., 2017. Digital Divide and Digital Multiplier: A Paradigm Shift through Innovation. In Lehr, W., Sharafat, A. (eds.), 2017. ICT-Centric Economic Growth, Innovation and Job creation (Geneva: International Telecommunication Union), ISBN 978-92-61-24411-8.
- Bennett, M., Fletcher, A., Giovannetti, E., Stallibrass D., 2010. Resale Price Maintenance: explaining the controversy, and small steps towards a more nuanced policy. In Hawk, B. (ed.), 2010. International Antitrust Law & Policy: Fordham Competition Law 2009. (Huntingdon, New York: Juris Publishing).
- Giovannetti, E., Neuhoff, K., Spagnolo, G., 2007. Where is the Internet? Agglomeration in space and cyberspace. In Tsuji, M., Giovannetti, E., Kagami, M. (eds.), 2007. Agglomeration and New Technologies: a Global Perspective (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing).
- D’Ignazio, A., Giovannetti, E., 2007. Agglomeration and Internet exchange points: an exploration of the Internet morphology. In Fingleton, B. (ed.), 2007. New Directions in Economic Geography (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing).
- Giovannetti, E., 2004. Internet Upstream Connectivity and Competition Policy: Western Europe and Southern Africa. In Kagami, M., Tsuji, M., Giovannetti, E. (eds.), 2004. Information Technology Policy and the Digital Divide: Lessons for Developing Countries. (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing).
- Giovannetti, E., 2003. Internet Access and Regulatory Reform, The Experience of South Africa. In Giovannetti, E., Kagami, M., Tsuji, M. (eds.), 2003. The Internet Revolution: A Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
- Giovannetti, E., 2003. IT Revolution, Internet and Telecommunications: the Transition towards a Competitive Industry in the European Union. In Giovannetti, E., Kagami, M., Tsuji, M., 2003. The Internet Revolution: A Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Government and International Organizations Research
- Plossky, A., Martinez Morando, J., Giovannetti, E., Sedik, W., Munyaradzi, T., Tural Tok, G., Kaydan, U., Kone, I., Rafalimanana, N.A.G., Gonzalez-Galarreta, R., Abdulkadhim Ali, M. and Abd Alhassan Yahia, H., 2021. Economic policies and methods of determining the costs of services related to national telecommunication/ICT networks: Output Report on ITU-D Question 4/1 for the study period 2018-2021. ISBN 978-92-61-34561-7 (Electronic version), Geneva: International Telecommunication Union, 2021
- Martinez Morando, J., Plossky, Giovannetti, E., A., Sedik, W.M., Munyaradzi, T., Tural Tok, G.N., Kaydan, U., Kone, I., Previlon, H., Rafalimanana, G., Gonzalez-Galarreta, R. and Abdulkadhim Ali, M., 2021. Guidelines on cost modelling: Economic policies and methods of determining the costs of services related to national telecommunication/ICT networks. ISBN 978-92-61-34681-2 (Electronic version), Geneva: International Telecommunication Union, 2021
- Giovannetti, E., Plossky, A., Kettani, N., Hemmerlein, C., Neto, G., Martinez, J., 2020. Economic impact of OTTs on national telecommunication/ICT markets. Annual Deliverable, International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Cambridge and Peterborough Combined Authority “Digital Strategy Report”, prepared with High Tech Network Cambridge Wireless, 2018.
- Private and External Benefits from Investment in Intangible Assets. December 2014 BIS Research Paper Number 203. UK Government, Department of Business Innovation and Skills.
Recent presentations and conferences
- Giovannetti, E. and Piga, C., 2014. Predicting the Introduction of New Technologies in the UK: the role of ICT investment and Innovation Spillovers. 34th International Symposium on Forecasting - Economic Forecasting Past, Present and Future, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Giovannetti, E. and Piga, C., 2014. Innovation spillovers in the UK: Complements or substitutes for the introduction of new technologies? 25th European Regional Conference of the International Telecommunications Society, Brussels, Belgium.
- Giovannetti, E. and Piga, C., 2014. Predicting the Introduction of New Technologies in the UK: the role of ICT investment and Innovation Spillovers. 12th International Institute of Forecasters' Workshop on "Theory and Practice in ICT Forecasting" , Hilton London Olympia, London, UK
- Giovannetti, E., Sigloch, S. and Fennell, S., 2013. The interaction of ICT networks structure and downstream trade flows: Bhutan and India. 24th European Regional Conference of the International Telecommunications Society, Florence, Italy.
- D'Ignazio A. and Giovannetti E., 2013. Internet Connectivity Wars: The Impact of Providers' Asymmetry and Mutual Trust. 40th Annual Conference Of The European Association For Research In Industrial Economics, Évora, Portugal.
- D'Ignazio A. and Giovannetti E., 2013. Internet Connectivity Wars: The Impact of Providers' Asymmetry and Mutual Trust. 8th International Conference on Competition and Regulation (CRESSE) - Advances in the Analysis of Competition Policy and Regulation, Corfu, Greece.
- D'Ignazio A. and Giovannetti E., 2013. Trust and Information in Internet Connectivity Cycles: A Game theoretic Approach. 26th EURO-INFORMS ('Association of European Operational Research Societies' within IFORS, the 'International Federation of Operational Research Societies') Conference, Rome, Italy.
- D'Ignazio A. and Giovannetti E., 2013. Internet Connectivity Wars: The Impact Of Mutual Trust And Providers Asymmetry. The 33rd International Symposium on Forecasting: Forecasting with Big Data, International Institute of Forecasters, KAIST College of Business, Seoul, Korea.
- D'Ignazio A. and Giovannetti E., 2013. Internet Access: the Role of Asymmetry and Trust in Explaining Connectivity Cycles. 47th Annual Conference of the Canadian Economic Association, HEC Montréal, Canada.
- D'Ignazio A. and Giovannetti E., 2013. Internet Attractors and Repellors: the Role of Asymmetry and Trust in Explaining Connectivity Cycles. 1st International Conference on Internet Science organized by the EINS project, the FP7 European Network of Excellence in Internet Science with the support of the European Commission DG CONNECT at the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, Brussels, Belgium.
- D'Ignazio A. and Giovannetti E., 2013. Attractors and Repellors: a Game Theoretic interpretation of the cycles in provider-customer relations. The Pacific Telecommunications Council 2013 conference on Capacity, Capability, Collaboration, Honolulu, USA.
- D'Ignazio A. and Giovannetti E., 2012. Clustering, Connectivity and Hierarchies in the Internet Global Supply Chain Networks, 23rd European Regional Conference of the International Telecommunication Society, Vienna, Austria.
- D'Ignazio A. and Giovannetti E., 2012. Clustering, Connectivity and Power laws: Useful Tools for Assessing Market Structure of the European Internet? 2012 Second International Conference on Electric Information and Control Engineering (ICEICE) Lushan, China.
Media experience
- Facebook needs regulation – here’s why it should be done by algorithms. The Conversation, February 2019.
- Emanuele's research on ICT④4SDGs, was shared and captured with a long video interview on the ITU News. His early research on these topics was also presented at the Salotto MIX in Milan, in a debate with journalists, telecom gurus and internet providers. Details about his project on internet connectivity are available on the EU-IST website.
- Research on Emanuele's crowdfunding results were reported in an Cambridge News article on 16 April 2018.
- His research on this theme has also been published as an article on The Conversation (November 2016) with 6,895 reads as of May 2021. The article was chosen for republication by the World Economic Forum.
- Emanuele's research for the UK Department of Business Innovation and Skills was cited in the OECD UK productivity report as a key reading.
- A report on Emanuele's research on R&D Spillovers appeared in Cambridge Network on 10 December 2014. His research on R&D Spillovers was also cited by the Times Higher Education, in the piece: 20 new ideas from UK universities that will change the world.
- He has also given a long interview to the Brentwood Gazette on the debate on whether Brentwood should be included in the Greater London area, and was interviewed on ITV, to discuss productivity and innovation in the East of England Region, and on the impact of Brexit on productivity in an interview on BBC Look East.
- Emanuele's research for the East of England Co-op, on consumers’ attitudes to local food sourcing, was cited in different articles on specialised press: the Co-op News (June 2016), The Convenience Store (June 2016), Food and Drink Industry Magazine (May 2016), Farming Monthly (June 2016) and The Grocer (May 2016).
- Emanuele's research on Resale Price Maintenance was reported in a 2013 press release from the Royal Economic Society.